+ jO(^RIHt^RIHt]P t]R4tRt ]RRl4t Rt ]RRl4t R t ]R 4t/3R lt]R 4t]RR l4t]RRl4t]R4t]R4tR# ]d]PtLvi;i))xrange)defunc\V4pVPpRV^,,p\V^,4F5pW4W,,, pWEV, ,V^,,pK7 V#)z Given a sequence `(s_k)` containing at least `n+1` items, returns the `n`-th forward difference, .. math :: \Delta^n = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (-1)^{k+n} {n \choose k} s_k. )intzeror)ctxsndbks&&& `/home/luca/screen-checking/.venv/lib/python3.14/site-packages/mpmath/calculus/differentiation.py differencer s] AA A QA AaC[ X  A#YAaC  Hc 8VPR4pVPR^ 4pVPR^4pV^V,,V^,,p VPp WnVPR4p V fWVPR4'd\VPV44p M^p VP ^V)V, V , 4p MVP V 4p VPR^4pV'd-WP V4,p \V^,4p T pM\V)V^,^4p ^V ,pV'dVRV ,, pV Uu.uFq!W/V ,,4NK ppVW3Wn#uupi Yni;i)singularaddprec directionhrelativeg?)getprecrmagldexpconvertsignr)r fxr roptionsrrrworkprecorigr hextramagstepsnormrvaluess&&&&&, rhstepsr'sW{{:&Hkk)R(G K+IQwY1Q3'H 88D KK  9{{:&& O   !dU7]945A AAKK Q/  )$ $A1Q3KEDA2qsA&EaCD  QJA$)*Eq!AcE(E*t%+s2!1FA)F=AFF#F F FFc aaaaaRp\S4p\S4oRpV'd1SUu.uFpSPV4NK upo\SSSXV4#VP RR4pS^8Xd6VR8wd/VP R4'gS!SPS44#SP p VR8Xd<\ SSSSV 3/VBwrp V SnSPV S4V S,, p MVR8XdS;P ^ , unSPVP RR44oVVVVV3R lpSPV^^SP,.4pVSPS4,^SP,, p M\R V,4hV SnV 5# \dELi;iuupi T Sni;i) a| Numerically computes the derivative of `f`, `f'(x)`, or generally for an integer `n \ge 0`, the `n`-th derivative `f^{(n)}(x)`. A few basic examples are:: >>> from mpmath import * >>> mp.dps = 15; mp.pretty = True >>> diff(lambda x: x**2 + x, 1.0) 3.0 >>> diff(lambda x: x**2 + x, 1.0, 2) 2.0 >>> diff(lambda x: x**2 + x, 1.0, 3) 0.0 >>> nprint([diff(exp, 3, n) for n in range(5)]) # exp'(x) = exp(x) [20.0855, 20.0855, 20.0855, 20.0855, 20.0855] Even more generally, given a tuple of arguments `(x_1, \ldots, x_k)` and order `(n_1, \ldots, n_k)`, the partial derivative `f^{(n_1,\ldots,n_k)}(x_1,\ldots,x_k)` is evaluated. For example:: >>> diff(lambda x,y: 3*x*y + 2*y - x, (0.25, 0.5), (0,1)) 2.75 >>> diff(lambda x,y: 3*x*y + 2*y - x, (0.25, 0.5), (1,1)) 3.0 **Options** The following optional keyword arguments are recognized: ``method`` Supported methods are ``'step'`` or ``'quad'``: derivatives may be computed using either a finite difference with a small step size `h` (default), or numerical quadrature. ``direction`` Direction of finite difference: can be -1 for a left difference, 0 for a central difference (default), or +1 for a right difference; more generally can be any complex number. ``addprec`` Extra precision for `h` used to account for the function's sensitivity to perturbations (default = 10). ``relative`` Choose `h` relative to the magnitude of `x`, rather than an absolute value; useful for large or tiny `x` (default = False). ``h`` As an alternative to ``addprec`` and ``relative``, manually select the step size `h`. ``singular`` If True, evaluation exactly at the point `x` is avoided; this is useful for differentiating functions with removable singularities. Default = False. ``radius`` Radius of integration contour (with ``method = 'quad'``). Default = 0.25. A larger radius typically is faster and more accurate, but it must be chosen so that `f` has no singularities within the radius from the evaluation point. A finite difference requires `n+1` function evaluations and must be performed at `(n+1)` times the target precision. Accordingly, `f` must support fast evaluation at high precision. With integration, a larger number of function evaluations is required, but not much extra precision is required. For high order derivatives, this method may thus be faster if f is very expensive to evaluate at high precision. **Further examples** The direction option is useful for computing left- or right-sided derivatives of nonsmooth functions:: >>> diff(abs, 0, direction=0) 0.0 >>> diff(abs, 0, direction=1) 1.0 >>> diff(abs, 0, direction=-1) -1.0 More generally, if the direction is nonzero, a right difference is computed where the step size is multiplied by sign(direction). For example, with direction=+j, the derivative from the positive imaginary direction will be computed:: >>> diff(abs, 0, direction=j) (0.0 - 1.0j) With integration, the result may have a small imaginary part even even if the result is purely real:: >>> diff(sqrt, 1, method='quad') # doctest:+ELLIPSIS (0.5 - 4.59...e-26j) >>> chop(_) 0.5 Adding precision to obtain an accurate value:: >>> diff(cos, 1e-30) 0.0 >>> diff(cos, 1e-30, h=0.0001) -9.99999998328279e-31 >>> diff(cos, 1e-30, addprec=100) -1.0e-30 FTmethodstepquadrradiusg?cr<SSPV4,pSV,pS!V4VS,, #N)expj)treizr rr r,rs& rgdiff..gs0SXXa[(Gtc1f}$rzunknown method: %r) list TypeErrorr _partial_diffrrr'rquadtspi factorial ValueError)r rrr r partialorders_r)rr&r%r!vr3r r,sffff, @rdiffr@CsRG a G%& 'QS[[^Q 'S!Q88 [[6 *FAv&F"7;;z+B+BQ  88D V %+CAq$%J'%J "F(CHvq)D!G3A v  HHNH[[Xt!<=F % % 1q!CFF(m,ACMM!$$#&&1A1F:; ; 2I7     (.s#F3G4C5G 3 GG GcaaaaaV'gS!4#\V4'gS!V!#^o\\V44FoVS,'gKM VS,oVVVVV3Rlp^VS&\SWRVS4#)cN<aVVV3RlpSP!VSS,S3/SB#)cH<S!SRSV3,SS^,R,!#r.)r0rf_argsis&rinner1_partial_diff..fdiff_inner..inners*vbqzQD(6!A#$<79 9rr@)rFrHr rrGr ordersj r fdiff_inner"_partial_diff..fdiff_inners$ :xxvay%;7;;r)sumrangelenr7)r rxsr=r rLrGrKsff&&f @@rr7r7st s v;;"v  A 3v;  !99   1IE<<F1I kvw ??rNc+"VfVPpM \V4pVPRR4R8wd3^pWS^,8d"VP!WV3/VBxV^, pK.R#VPR4pV'dVPW^RR7xMV!VP V44xV^8dR#W0P8Xd^^rM ^V^,rVP p \ WW(V 3/VBwrp \Wx4F<pWnVPW4W,, p WnV 5xWS8gK;R# T\VR,^,4r\W4pK Yni;i5i)a Returns a generator that yields the sequence of derivatives .. math :: f(x), f'(x), f''(x), \ldots, f^{(k)}(x), \ldots With ``method='step'``, :func:`~mpmath.diffs` uses only `O(k)` function evaluations to generate the first `k` derivatives, rather than the roughly `O(k^2)` evaluations required if one calls :func:`~mpmath.diff` `k` separate times. With `n < \infty`, the generator stops as soon as the `n`-th derivative has been generated. If the exact number of needed derivatives is known in advance, this is further slightly more efficient. Options are the same as for :func:`~mpmath.diff`. **Examples** >>> from mpmath import * >>> mp.dps = 15 >>> nprint(list(diffs(cos, 1, 5))) [0.540302, -0.841471, -0.540302, 0.841471, 0.540302, -0.841471] >>> for i, d in zip(range(6), diffs(cos, 1)): ... print("%s %s" % (i, d)) ... 0 0.54030230586814 1 -0.841470984807897 2 -0.54030230586814 3 0.841470984807897 4 0.54030230586814 5 -0.841470984807897 Nr)r*rT)rgffffff?) infrrr@rrr'rrmin)r rrr r rrABcallprecyr%r!r s&&&&, rdiffsrYsKL y GG F{{8V$. a%i((1.g. . FA{{:&HhhqQh.. A1uGG|!1!A#1 88"31EWEA $#NN1(472#"Hv#aeAg,1 I $s+A>E3BE3$E()E3<,E3(E00E3c2aa\S4o.oVV3RlpV#)c<\\S4V^,4FpSP\S44K SV,#)rrPappendnext)rrGdatagens& rriterable_to_function..f,s5D 1Q3'A KKS "(Awr)iter)rarr`sf @riterable_to_functionrd)s s)C D Hrc#"\V4pV^8XdV^,FpVxK R#\VPVRV^,44p\VPW^,R44p^pV!V4V!^4,p^p\^V^,4FHp WV , ^,,V ,pWxV!Wi, 4,V!V 4,, pKJ VxV^, pK5i)a Given a list of `N` iterables or generators yielding `f_k(x), f'_k(x), f''_k(x), \ldots` for `k = 1, \ldots, N`, generate `g(x), g'(x), g''(x), \ldots` where `g(x) = f_1(x) f_2(x) \cdots f_N(x)`. At high precision and for large orders, this is typically more efficient than numerical differentiation if the derivatives of each `f_k(x)` admit direct computation. Note: This function does not increase the working precision internally, so guard digits may have to be added externally for full accuracy. **Examples** >>> from mpmath import * >>> mp.dps = 15; mp.pretty = True >>> f = lambda x: exp(x)*cos(x)*sin(x) >>> u = diffs(f, 1) >>> v = mp.diffs_prod([diffs(exp,1), diffs(cos,1), diffs(sin,1)]) >>> next(u); next(v) 1.23586333600241 1.23586333600241 >>> next(u); next(v) 0.104658952245596 0.104658952245596 >>> next(u); next(v) -5.96999877552086 -5.96999877552086 >>> next(u); next(v) -12.4632923122697 -12.4632923122697 N)rPrd diffs_prodr) r factorsNcur?r r ars && rrfrf2sH G AAvAG !A!? @ 1!? @ !qt AAAac]1QK1$13Z!A$&&#G FAsC8C:cW9d W,#V'gR^/V^&\V^, 4p\R\V444p/p\V4FDwrEV^,^,3VR,,pWc9dW6;;,V, uu&K@WSV&KF \V4FwrE\V4'gK\ V4FtwrxV'gKVRVV^, WG^,,^,3,WG^,R,p W9dW9;;,W,, uu&KjW,W9&Kv K W1V&W,#)z nth differentiation polynomial for exp (Faa di Bruno's formula). TODO: most exponents are zero, so maybe a sparse representation would be better. c3<"TFwrVR,V3xK R#5i)rBNrBrE).0rir?s& r dpoly..ts 2\EQafQZ\s:r]NNNrn)dpolydict iteritemsrN enumerate) r _cacheRRapowerscountpowers1rppowers2s && rrrrrhs {y !Hq  ac A 2Yq\ 22A B"1 !9Q;.6":- = K5 KwK & #1 6{{ V$CAq !*!FQ3KM'::VaCD\I=K17*K"#'BK %&1I 9rc #Fa"\V4oVPS!^44pVx^pVP^4p\\ V44F6wrVWFVP V3Rl\ V444,, pK8 WB,xV^, pKu5i)aD Given an iterable or generator yielding `f(x), f'(x), f''(x), \ldots` generate `g(x), g'(x), g''(x), \ldots` where `g(x) = \exp(f(x))`. At high precision and for large orders, this is typically more efficient than numerical differentiation if the derivatives of `f(x)` admit direct computation. Note: This function does not increase the working precision internally, so guard digits may have to be added externally for full accuracy. **Examples** The derivatives of the gamma function can be computed using logarithmic differentiation:: >>> from mpmath import * >>> mp.dps = 15; mp.pretty = True >>> >>> def diffs_loggamma(x): ... yield loggamma(x) ... i = 0 ... while 1: ... yield psi(i,x) ... i += 1 ... >>> u = diffs_exp(diffs_loggamma(3)) >>> v = diffs(gamma, 3) >>> next(u); next(v) 2.0 2.0 >>> next(u); next(v) 1.84556867019693 1.84556867019693 >>> next(u); next(v) 2.49292999190269 2.49292999190269 >>> next(u); next(v) 3.44996501352367 3.44996501352367 c3h<"TF'wrV'gKS!V^,4V,xK) R#5i)r]NrE)rorr|fns& rrpdiffs_exp..s'L5FEQ!ZR!WaZZ5Fs 22)rdexpmpfrtrrfprodru)r fdiffsf0rGr ryrirs&& @r diffs_exprsX f %B AB H A GGAJ"58,IF 399LYv5FLLL LA-f  QsBB!c  aaaa\\SPSPV444^,^4pWS, ^, oVVVV3RlpSP WbV4SP WS, 4, #)a Calculates the Riemann-Liouville differintegral, or fractional derivative, defined by .. math :: \,_{x_0}{\mathbb{D}}^n_xf(x) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(m-n)} \frac{d^m}{dx^m} \int_{x_0}^{x}(x-t)^{m-n-1}f(t)dt where `f` is a given (presumably well-behaved) function, `x` is the evaluation point, `n` is the order, and `x_0` is the reference point of integration (`m` is an arbitrary parameter selected automatically). With `n = 1`, this is just the standard derivative `f'(x)`; with `n = 2`, the second derivative `f''(x)`, etc. With `n = -1`, it gives `\int_{x_0}^x f(t) dt`, with `n = -2` it gives `\int_{x_0}^x \left( \int_{x_0}^t f(u) du \right) dt`, etc. As `n` is permitted to be any number, this operator generalizes iterated differentiation and iterated integration to a single operator with a continuous order parameter. **Examples** There is an exact formula for the fractional derivative of a monomial `x^p`, which may be used as a reference. For example, the following gives a half-derivative (order 0.5):: >>> from mpmath import * >>> mp.dps = 15; mp.pretty = True >>> x = mpf(3); p = 2; n = 0.5 >>> differint(lambda t: t**p, x, n) 7.81764019044672 >>> gamma(p+1)/gamma(p-n+1) * x**(p-n) 7.81764019044672 Another useful test function is the exponential function, whose integration / differentiation formula easy generalizes to arbitrary order. Here we first compute a third derivative, and then a triply nested integral. (The reference point `x_0` is set to `-\infty` to avoid nonzero endpoint terms.):: >>> differint(lambda x: exp(pi*x), -1.5, 3) 0.278538406900792 >>> exp(pi*-1.5) * pi**3 0.278538406900792 >>> differint(lambda x: exp(pi*x), 3.5, -3, -inf) 1922.50563031149 >>> exp(pi*3.5) / pi**3 1922.50563031149 However, for noninteger `n`, the differentiation formula for the exponential function must be modified to give the same result as the Riemann-Liouville differintegral:: >>> x = mpf(3.5) >>> c = pi >>> n = 1+2*j >>> differint(lambda x: exp(c*x), x, n) (-123295.005390743 + 140955.117867654j) >>> x**(-n) * exp(c)**x * (x*c)**n * gammainc(-n, 0, x*c) / gamma(-n) (-123295.005390743 + 140955.117867654j) c:<aSPVVV3RlSS.4#)c><SV, S,S!V4,#r.rE)r0rrrs&r-differint....sacAX!_r)r+)rr rrx0sfrrdifferint..s#((4r1g>r)maxrceilrer@gamma)r rrr rmr3rsff&&f @r differintrs]H C# $Q &*A AA>A 88A! syy~ --rc 2aaaaS^8XdS#VVVV3RlpV#)a Given a function `f`, returns a function `g(x)` that evaluates the nth derivative `f^{(n)}(x)`:: >>> from mpmath import * >>> mp.dps = 15; mp.pretty = True >>> cos2 = diffun(sin) >>> sin2 = diffun(sin, 4) >>> cos(1.3), cos2(1.3) (0.267498828624587, 0.267498828624587) >>> sin(1.3), sin2(1.3) (0.963558185417193, 0.963558185417193) The function `f` must support arbitrary precision evaluation. See :func:`~mpmath.diff` for additional details and supported keyword options. c.<SP!SVS3/SB#r.rJ)rr rr r s&rr3diffun..gsxx1a+7++rrE)r rr r r3sfffl rdiffunr s & Av,, Hrc P\VP!WV3/VB4pVPRR4'd<VUUu.uF,wrgVPV4VP V4, NK. upp#VUUu.uFwrgWpP V4, NK upp#uuppiuuppi)aW Produces a degree-`n` Taylor polynomial around the point `x` of the given function `f`. The coefficients are returned as a list. >>> from mpmath import * >>> mp.dps = 15; mp.pretty = True >>> nprint(chop(taylor(sin, 0, 5))) [0.0, 1.0, 0.0, -0.166667, 0.0, 0.00833333] The coefficients are computed using high-order numerical differentiation. The function must be possible to evaluate to arbitrary precision. See :func:`~mpmath.diff` for additional details and supported keyword options. Note that to evaluate the Taylor polynomial as an approximation of `f`, e.g. with :func:`~mpmath.polyval`, the coefficients must be reversed, and the point of the Taylor expansion must be subtracted from the argument: >>> p = taylor(exp, 2.0, 10) >>> polyval(p[::-1], 2.5 - 2.0) 12.1824939606092 >>> exp(2.5) 12.1824939607035 chopT)rurYrrr:)r rrr r rarGr s&&&&, rtaylorr"s8 CIIaA11 2C{{64  9<= CMM!,,,==/23stq--"""s33>3s 2B6"B"cJ\V4W#,^,8d \R4hV^8Xd;V^8XdVP.VP.3#VRV^,VP.3#VPV4p\ V4FFp\ \ W2V,^,44FpWV,V, ,WEV3&K KH VPW^,W#,^,4)pVP WG4pVP.\V4,p ^.V^,,p \ V^,4FUpW,p \ ^\ W64^,4F&pWV,WV, ,,, p K( WV&KW W3#)ax Computes a Pade approximation of degree `(L, M)` to a function. Given at least `L+M+1` Taylor coefficients `a` approximating a function `A(x)`, :func:`~mpmath.pade` returns coefficients of polynomials `P, Q` satisfying .. math :: P = \sum_{k=0}^L p_k x^k Q = \sum_{k=0}^M q_k x^k Q_0 = 1 A(x) Q(x) = P(x) + O(x^{L+M+1}) `P(x)/Q(x)` can provide a good approximation to an analytic function beyond the radius of convergence of its Taylor series (example from G.A. Baker 'Essentials of Pade Approximants' Academic Press, Ch.1A):: >>> from mpmath import * >>> mp.dps = 15; mp.pretty = True >>> one = mpf(1) >>> def f(x): ... return sqrt((one + 2*x)/(one + x)) ... >>> a = taylor(f, 0, 6) >>> p, q = pade(a, 3, 3) >>> x = 10 >>> polyval(p[::-1], x)/polyval(q[::-1], x) 1.38169105566806 >>> f(x) 1.38169855941551 z%L+M+1 Coefficients should be providedN)rPr;onematrixrOrTlu_solver5) r rkLMrUjrGr?rqr|r s &&&& rpaderDsZP 1vA~@AAAv 6GG9swwi' 'Tac7SWWI% % 1 A 1Xs1c!e}%A!AhAdG& AsQSU$ %%A QA  DGA QqS A 1Q3Z Dq#a(Q,'A 1a!f A(!  4Krr\r.)r]rB) libmp.backendrcalculusrrsrtAttributeErroritemsrr'r@r7rYrdrfrrrrrrrrErrrs"I  "!HHHT@"GGR 33jB44lF.F.P  044BBB Is A;;BB